Diagram Examples

Section 6.8 Diagram Examples

This section provides reference diagrams for closed-class word structures introduced in this chapter. Use these as models when analyzing how determiners, pronouns, and prepositions function within sentences.

🔗

Subsection 6.8.1 Determiner Examples

6.8.1 A: Article determiner in simple sentence.

🔗

Multi-level labeling table for "The dog barked"

Syntax tree for "The dog barked" showing NP with article DET and N, and VP with V

[S [NP [DET The] [N dog]] [VP [V barked]]]

🔗

6.8.1 B: Possessive determiner.

🔗

Syntax tree for "her book" showing NP with possessive DET and N

[NP [DET her] [N book]]

🔗

6.8.1 C: Demonstrative determiner.

🔗

Syntax tree for "this book" showing NP with demonstrative DET and N

[NP [DET this] [N book]]

🔗

6.8.1 D: Quantifier determiner.

🔗

Syntax tree for "every student" showing NP with quantifier DET and N

[NP [DET every] [N student]]

🔗

6.8.1 E: Determiner in transitive sentence.

🔗

Multi-level labeling table for "The cat chased the mouse"

Syntax tree for "The cat chased the mouse" showing determiners in both subject and object NPs

[S [NP [DET The] [N cat]] [VP [V chased] [NP [DET the] [N mouse]]]]

🔗

6.8.1 F: Two determiners in one NP.

🔗

Syntax tree for "all the students" showing an NP with two determiners

[NP [DET all] [DET the] [N students]]

🔗

Subsection 6.8.2 Pronoun Examples

6.8.2 A: Pronoun as subject.

🔗

Multi-level labeling table for "She sleeps"

Syntax tree for "She sleeps" showing S with pronoun NP and intransitive VP

[S [NP [PRON She]] [VP [V sleeps]]]

🔗

6.8.2 B: Pronouns as subject and indirect object.

🔗

Multi-level labeling table for "She gave me a book"

Syntax tree for "She gave me a book" showing pronouns in subject and indirect object positions

[S [NP [PRON She]] [VP [V gave] [NP [PRON me]] [NP [DET a] [N book]]]]

🔗

6.8.2 C: Pronoun with linking verb.

🔗

Multi-level labeling table for "She is happy"

Syntax tree for "She is happy" showing linking verb with pronoun subject and adjective complement

[S [NP [PRON She]] [VP [V is] [ADJP [ADJ happy]]]]

🔗

6.8.2 D: Pronoun as object complement.

🔗

Multi-level labeling table for "They elected her president"

Syntax tree for "They elected her president" showing complex transitive with pronoun object and NP complement

[S [NP [PRON They]] [VP [V elected] [NP [PRON her]] [NP [N president]]]]

🔗

6.8.2 E: Pronoun in object position.

🔗

Multi-level labeling table for "The jury found him guilty"

Syntax tree for "The jury found him guilty" showing pronoun in object position with adjective complement

[S [NP [DET The] [N jury]] [VP [V found] [NP [PRON him]] [ADJP [ADJ guilty]]]]

🔗

The following pairs show how a pronoun replaces an entire noun phrase—not just the head noun, but all its modifiers as well.

🔗

6.8.2 F: Full NP — "The tall student sleeps".

🔗

Multi-level labeling table for "The tall student sleeps"

Syntax tree for "The tall student sleeps" showing full NP with determiner, adjective, and noun

[S [NP [DET The] [ADJP [ADJ tall]] [N student]] [VP [V sleeps]]]

🔗

6.8.2 F (comparison): Pronoun replacement — "She sleeps".

🔗

Syntax tree for "She sleeps" — the pronoun "She" replaces the entire NP "The tall student"

[S [NP [PRON She]] [VP [V sleeps]]]

🔗

6.8.2 G: Full NP — "The teacher gave the young student a book".

🔗

Multi-level labeling table for "The teacher gave the young student a book"

Syntax tree for "The teacher gave the young student a book" showing full NPs in subject, indirect object, and direct object positions

[S [NP [DET The] [N teacher]] [VP [V gave] [NP [DET the] [ADJP [ADJ young]] [N student]] [NP [DET a] [N book]]]]

🔗

6.8.2 G (comparison): Pronoun replacement — "She gave me a book".

🔗

Syntax tree for "She gave me a book" — pronouns replace the full NPs "The teacher" and "the young student"

[S [NP [PRON She]] [VP [V gave] [NP [PRON me]] [NP [DET a] [N book]]]]

🔗

6.8.2 H: Full NP with PP modifier — "The old car on the corner".

🔗

Syntax tree for "The old car on the corner" showing NP with determiner, adjective, noun, and PP modifier

[NP [DET The] [ADJP [ADJ old]] [N car] [PP [PREP on] [NP [DET the] [N corner]]]]

🔗

6.8.2 H (comparison): Pronoun replacement — "it".

🔗

Syntax tree for "it" — the pronoun replaces the entire NP "The old car on the corner"

[NP [PRON it]]

🔗

Subsection 6.8.3 Preposition Examples

6.8.3 A: Simple PP — "in the box".

🔗

Syntax tree for "in the box" showing PP with preposition and NP object

[PP [PREP in] [NP [DET the] [N box]]]

🔗

6.8.3 B: PP — "on the table".

🔗

Syntax tree for "on the table" showing PP with preposition and NP object

[PP [PREP on] [NP [DET the] [N table]]]

🔗

6.8.3 C: PP with pronoun object — "with her".

🔗

Syntax tree for "with her" showing PP with preposition and pronoun as object

[PP [PREP with] [NP [PRON her]]]

🔗

6.8.3 D: PP — "before noon".

🔗

Syntax tree for "before noon" showing PP with preposition and bare noun as object

[PP [PREP before] [NP [N noon]]]

🔗

The following diagrams show how a PP attaches differently depending on what it modifies: a noun phrase, a verb phrase, an adjective phrase, or an entire sentence.

🔗

6.8.3 E: PP modifying NP — "the man in the hat".

🔗

Syntax tree for "the man in the hat" showing PP embedded inside the NP, modifying the noun "man"

[NP [DET the] [N man] [PP [PREP in] [NP [DET the] [N hat]]]]

🔗

6.8.3 F: PP modifying VP — "She waited in the lobby".

🔗

Multi-level labeling table for "She waited in the lobby"

Syntax tree for "She waited in the lobby" showing PP attached inside the VP, modifying the verb "waited"

[S [NP [PRON She]] [VP [V waited] [PP [PREP in] [NP [DET the] [N lobby]]]]]

🔗

6.8.3 G: PP modifying AdjP — "She is proud of her work".

🔗

Multi-level labeling table for "She is proud of her work"

Syntax tree for "She is proud of her work" showing PP embedded inside the ADJP, complementing the adjective "proud"

[S [NP [PRON She]] [VP [V is] [ADJP [ADJ proud] [PP [PREP of] [NP [DET her] [N work]]]]]]

🔗

6.8.3 H: PP modifying sentence — "In the morning, we will leave".

🔗

Multi-level labeling table for "In the morning we will leave"

Syntax tree for "In the morning, we will leave" showing PP attached at the sentence level

[S [PP [PREP In] [NP [DET the] [N morning]]] [NP [PRON we]] [VP [MOD will] [V leave]]]

🔗

The following pair of diagrams illustrates structural ambiguity. The sentence “I saw the man with binoculars” can be parsed two ways depending on whether the PP “with binoculars” modifies the noun phrase or the verb phrase.

🔗

6.8.3 I: PP modifies NP — "the man with binoculars".

🔗

Multi-level labeling table for "saw the man with binoculars"

Syntax tree for "I saw the man with binoculars" where PP attaches to NP, meaning the man has binoculars

[S [NP [PRON I]] [VP [V saw] [NP [DET the] [N man] [PP [PREP with] [NP [N binoculars]]]]]]

🔗

6.8.3 J: PP modifies VP — "saw with binoculars".

🔗

Syntax tree for "I saw the man with binoculars" where PP attaches to VP, meaning I used binoculars to see him

[S [NP [PRON I]] [VP [V saw] [NP [DET the] [N man]] [PP [PREP with] [NP [N binoculars]]]]]

🔗

6.8.3 K: Complex sentence with PP modifier.

🔗

Multi-level labeling table for "The young artist from Paris painted beautiful landscapes"

Syntax tree for "The young artist from Paris painted beautiful landscapes" showing complex NP with PP modifier and transitive VP

[S [NP [DET The] [ADJP [ADJ young]] [N artist] [PP [PREP from] [NP [N Paris]]]] [VP [V painted] [NP [ADJP [ADJ beautiful]] [N landscapes]]]]

🔗

Subsection 6.8.4 Coordination Examples

6.8.4 A: NP coordination — "cats and dogs".

🔗

Syntax tree for "cats and dogs" showing two NPs joined by conjunction

[NP [NP [N cats]] [CONJ and] [NP [N dogs]]]

🔗

Prev Top Next